Volatile Oils (Terpenoids)

Volatile Oils (Terpenoids): Terpenoids are the hydrocarbons of plant origin having general formula (C₅H₈)_n. They are also oxygenated, hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated derivatives. Terpenoids are volatile substances that give fragrance or aroma to plants. They are also known as essential oils because they represent essence. They are mainly found in the leaves and fruits of plants like conifers, citrus, and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was assigned to the compounds after the isolation of volatile liquid turpentine from pine trees. Volatile oils get vaporized or evaporate upon exposure to air at normal temperature, so they are termed ethereal oil. Volatile oils generally occur in plant families like Umbelliferae (examples Coriander, Fennel), Zingiberaceae (Ginger), Myrtaceae (Clove), Piperaceae (black pepper), Rutaceae (Lemon, Orange), etc.

General Properties of Volatile Oils or Terpenoids

1. They are colourless, fragrant liquids lighter than water and volatile.
2. A few of them are solids e.g. camphor.
3. They are soluble in organic solvents, alcohol and fixed oils and usually insoluble in water.
4. They are open-chain or cyclic unsaturated compounds having one or more double bonds.
5. They give an addition reaction with hydrogen, halogen, acids, etc and addition products possess antiseptic properties.
6. They undergo polymerization and dehydrogenation.
7. They are easily oxidized nearly by all the oxidizing agents.
8. On thermal decomposition, most of the terpenoids yield isoprene as one of the products.
9. They are optically active.
10. It becomes darker in colour upon long-standing in air or sunlight.
11. Volatile oils should be stored in well-closed airtight umbered colour containers or bottles.

Classification of Terpenoids

The terpenoids have general formula (C₅H₈)_n. The classification is mainly done based on the value of n or the number of carbon atoms present in the structure.

Table.1: Classification of Terpenoids

Sr. No.	Number of carbon atoms	Class	Value of n
1.	10	Monoterpenoids (C10H16)	2
2.	15	Sesquiterpenoinds (C15H24)	3
3.	20	Diterpenoids (C20H32)	4
4.	30	Triterpenoids (C30H48)	6
5.	40	Tetraterpenoids (C40H64)	8
6.	50	Pentaterpenes (C50H80)	10
7.	>40	Polyterpenoids (C5H8)n	>8

Depending upon the type and number of rings present in terpenoids, they are named as Acyclic terpenoids, Monocyclic terpenoids, Bicyclic terpenoids, and Tricyclic terpenoids which contain open chain structure, one ring structure, two-ring structure, and three rings structure respectively.

Table.2: Types of Volatile Oils

Sr. No.	Type	Examples
1.	Alcohol volatile oils	Mentha, Cardamom, Coriander, Rose oil, Sandalwood oil (Santalol).
2.	Aldehyde volatile oils	Cinnamon, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Citronella oil (Geraniol, Citronellal, Farnesol), Lemongrass oil, Bitter almond oil.
3.	Ester volatile oils	Gaultheria, Lavender, Mustard.
4.	Hydrocarbon volatile oils	Turpentine, Black pepper.
5.	Ketone volatile oils	Caraway (Carvone, Limonene), Spearmint, Buchu, Camphor, Musk, Civet oil.
6.	Oxide volatile oils	Chenopodium, Eucalyptus (Cineole).
7.	Phenolic ether volatile oils	Anise, Fennel, Nutmeg.
8.	Phenol volatile oils	Clove (Eugenol), Thyme.

Chemical Test

1. Volatile oil produces temporary stains when smeared on paper or cloth. The stain disappears after some time because the oil volatilizes.
2. Upon addition of Sudan III (alcoholic solution) to the thin section of volatile oil containing drug, red colour forms.
3. When a few drops of Tincture Alkana are added to a thin section of the drug, red colour develops which indicates the presence of volatile oil.

Extraction of Volatile Oils

Steam distillation, solvent extraction, or mechanical means like echelle and enfleurage methods are employed for the extraction purpose of volatile oils. These methods are as follows:

1. Hydro-distillation method: This method comprises water distillation, water and steam distillation and steam distillation. These techniques are used for the extraction of volatile oils from crude drugs. The Hydro-distillation technique is used for fresh leaves and steam distillation uses for subterranean parts.
2. Enfleurage method: This method uses for the extraction of flavouring agents and perfumery. In this method, the fresh flowers (mainly petals) are taken and spread over a layer of fatty material. Then it kept over fatty material for imbibition. After the imbibition, the fresh petals are placed on the fat layer and exhausted petals are removed. This process continues until the saturation of the fat layer with volatile constituents. This saturated fatty layer is extracted with lipid solvents.
3. Echelle method: This method is employed for citrus fruits which contains volatile principles. Here the oil containing ducts that contain oil cells are ruptured by mechanical means or manually. For this purpose, special vessels are taken which contain pointed projections. The raw material is twisted over the projections in a clockwise direction which ruptures the cell and oil comes out.

Isolation of Volatile Oils

The oil obtained by distillation contains several mono and sesquiterpenes. The monoterpenes hydrocarbons are distilled out first into their oxygenated derivatives by fractional distillation. Other methods like physical methods, chemical methods, and chromatography are also used for their isolation. The chemical methods like treating the oil with sodium bisulfate, Phenylhydrazine, Tilden’s reagent, and Grignard reagent isolates the compounds. Suitable adsorbents are used in chromatography for the elution of chromatograms of isolated compounds.

Uses of Volatile Oils

The utilization of terpenoids is mainly in perfumery, cosmetic industries, soaps manufacturing, incense-sticks manufacturing, food industries, pharmaceutical industries, and beverage industries.

They are also used as an antiseptic, carminative, anthelmintic, stimulant, analgesic, antirheumatic, diuretic, aromatic, counter-irritant effect, insecticide, pesticide, insect repellant, and deodorant.

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